Economics - Slovakia

Economics - Slovakia  ¹ by Julius Horvath

• Introduction

• First Analysis of the pre-1989 situation

• Second Redefinition of the discipline since 1990

• The change of elites

• New institutional structures

• Rehabilitation, repatriation, new departures

• 3rd Core theoretical and methodological orientations

• 4th Thematic orientation and funding

• 5th Public space and academic debates

• Principal academic journals

• Selection of publications in world languages

• The problem of the "brain-drain"

• Conclusion

Introduction
First Analysis of the pre-1989 situation
Second Redefinition of the discipline since 1990
The change of elites
New institutional structures  ⁷ 
Universities and colleges
Research institutes
Rehabilitation, repatriation, new departures
3rd Core theoretical and methodological orientations
4th Thematic orientation and funding
5th Public space and academic debates
Principal academic journals
Selection of publications in world languages
The problem of the "brain-drain"
Conclusion

References

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Selected Bibliography

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• Chobot, Michal (1998): "Comparison of Data Envelopment Analysis and Game Theory Approaches to Efficiency Evaluation", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 275-78, with J.Institoris;

• Fandel, Peter (1998), "Data Envelopment Analysis Application in Agricultural Production Efficiency Analysis", in:Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 159-66;

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• FENDEKOVÁ, Eleonora (1993), "Multiple Criteria Evaluation of Economic Potential Conversion of Selected Firms in Slovakia", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1996, Vol. 4, 4, 337-46, with MFendek, "Choice of Firm's Production Strategies in the Textile Industry", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1993, Vol. 2, 1, 85-91;

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• Fidrmuc, Jarko "Restructuring European Union Trade, with Central and Eastern European Countries", in: Atlantic Economic Journal , March 2000, Vol. 28, Iss. 1, 83-92, "Macroeconomic Development in the Czech Republic and Accession to the European Union", in: Prague Economic Papers , December 2000, Vol. 9, Iss. 4, 309 to 24, with Jan Fidrmuc, "The Stability of Monetary Unions: Lessons from the Breakup of Czechoslovakia", in: Journal of Comparative Economics , December 1999, Vol. 27, Iss. 4, 753 to 81, with Jan Fidrmuc and Julius Horvath, "East-West Intra-industry Trade Dynamics", in: Weltwirtschaftliches Archive 1999, Vol. 135, Iss. 2, 332-46, with D. Grozea-Helmenstein and A.Wörgötter;

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• Horvath, Julius, "Stability of Monetary Unions: Lessons from the Break-up of Czechoslovakia", in: Journal of Comparative Economics , Vol. 27, no. 4, December 1999, 753-81, with Jan Fidrmuc and Jarko, "Core and Periphery in the World Economy: An Empirical Assessment of the Impact of Integration Into the World Economy", in: International Economic Journal , 1999, Vol. 13, 4, 35-51, with R Grabowski, "Currency Crisis in the Czech Republic in May 1997," inPost-Communist Economies , 1999, Vol. 11, no. 3, 277-298, "Economic Integration in Central America and the Caribbean", in: Journal of Economic Development , 1999, Vol. 24, No.. 1, 121-132, with R. Grabowski, "On the European Monetary System: The Spillover Effects of German Shocks and disinflation", in: Applied Economics , 1998, 30, 1585-1593, with M. Kandill and S. Sharma, "Optimum Currency Areas and European Monetary Unification", in:Contemporary Economic Policy , 1997, Vol. 15, no. 1, 37-49, with S. Dibooglu, "Investigations into the Macroeconomic Interdependence of Western Europe: Is there Evidence for Two-Tier Europe?", In: Journal of Quantitative Economics, 1998, Vol. 14, no. 2, 41-65, with S. Sharma, "Prospects of African Integration in Light of the Theory of Optimum Currency Areas", in: Journal of Economic Integration, 1997, Vol. 12, no. 1, 1-25, with R. Grabowski, "Macroeconomic Interdependence and Integration in the Indian Sub-Continent", in: Journal of Quantitative Economics , 1997, Vol. 13, no. 1, 37-59, with S. Sharma;

• Husar, J., "Macroeconomic Model Based on Balance of Payments", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 193-201;

• Instirotis, George, "Comparison of Data Envelopment Analysis and Game Theory Approaches to Efficiency Evaluation", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 275-78, with M. Trunk;

• Ivaničová, Zlatica "Modern Access to the Analysis of Exchange Rates", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 203-13;

• Jánošíková, Ludmila, "A Tabu Search Procedure for Allocation Problem", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1996, Vol. 4, 4, 305-12;

• Kvasnicka, V., "Task Allocation Problem Solved by Augmented Simulated Annealing", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1994-95, Vol. 3, 1, 23-38, with S. Biskupič, "Augmented Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the TSP", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1993, Vol. 2, 4, 307-18;

• Lubyová, Martin, "Effects of Active Labor Market Programs on the Transition Rate from Unemployment into Regular Jobs in the Slovak Republic", in: Journal of Comparative Economics , March 1999, Vol. 27, Iss. 1, 90-112, with J. van Ours, "Unemployment Durations of Job Losers in a Labour Market in Transition", in: Economics of Transition , 1999, Vol. 7, Iss. 3, 665-86, with J. van Ours, "Work Incentives and Other Effects of the Transition to Social Assistance: Evidence from the Slovak Republic", in: Empirical Economics , 1998, Vol. 23, Iss. 1-2, 121-53, with J. van Ours, "Unemployment Dynamics and the Restructuring of the Slovak Unemployment Benefit System", in: European Economic Review , April 1997, Vol. 41, Iss. 3-5, 925-34, with J. van Ours;

• Luptáčik, Nicholas, "A Consistent Formulation of the Leontief Pollution Model", in: Economic Systems Research,September 1999, Vol. 11, Iss. 3, 263-75, "The Accomplishment of the Maastricht Criteria with Respect to Initial Debt", in: Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie , 1998, Vol. 68, Iss. 2, 93-110; "reconsideration of Non-negative Solutions for the Augmented Leontief Model", in: Economic Systems Research , 1994, Vol. 6, Iss. 2, 167-70, "Dynamic Optimal Environmental Policies of a Profit Maximizing Firm", in: Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie , 1991, Vol. 54, Iss. 3, 195-225, "Optimal Price and Advertising Policy under Atomistic Competition", in: Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control , 4, 57-71, 1982;

• Marcinčin, Anton, "The Impact of Czech Privatisation Methods on Enterprise Performance Incorporating Initial Selection-Bias Correction", in: Economics of Transition , November 1997, Vol. 5, Iss. 2, 289-304, with S. van Wijnbergen;

• Menbere Workie Tiruneh "Convergence Hypothesis in a Cross-Section of Economies", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 263-73;

• Ivan bastard, "Regression Depth: Comment", in: Journal of the American Statistical Association , June 1999, Vol. 94, 446, 417-19, with S. Portnoy,

• Mlynarovič, Vladimir: "Compromise Programming and an Approximation of the Optimum Portfolio", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 225-36, "Application of outranking Approach to the Evaluation of Voucher Privatization Process Outcomes in the Slovak Republic", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1994-95, Vol. 3, 2, 171-82, with E. Sookiová;

• Pacáková, Viera, "The Bayesian Inference in Actuarial Sciences", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1997, Vol. 5, 3-4, 255-68;

• Palenik, William, "Econometric Model Application for Macroeconomic Forecasting the Trend of the Slovak Republic", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 237-44;

• Pástor, Luboš, "The Equity Premium and Structural Breaks", in: Journal of Finance , August 2001, Vol. 56, Iss. 4, 1207-39, with Robert F. Stambaugh, "Comparing Asset Pricing Models: An Investment Perspective", in: Journal of Financial Economics , June 2000, Vol. 56, Iss. 3, 335-81, with R. Stambaugh, "Portfolio Selection and Asset Pricing Models", in:Journal of Finance, February 2000, Vol. 55, Iss. 1, 179-223, "Asset Pricing Models: Implications for Expected Returns and Portfolio Selection", in: Review of Financial Studies , Winter 2000, Vol. 13, Iss. 4, 883-916, with C. MacKinlay, "Costs of Equity Capital and Model Mispricing", in: Journal of Finance , February 1999, Vol. 54, Iss. 1, 67-121, with R.Stambaugh;

• Plánovský, John, "Education and Wages in the Czech and Slovak Republics during the Transition", in: Labor Economics, November 1999, Vol. 6, 4, 581-93, with RK Filer and S. Jurajda;

• George hurried, "Task Allocation Problem Solved by Augmented Simulated Annealing", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1994-95, Vol. 3, 1, 23-38;

• Farmer, Nicholas: "An Inevitable Part of Economic Reform: Demonopolization and the Development of Economic Competition", in: Soviet and Eastern European Foreign Trade , Summer 1991, Vol. 27, 2, 47-62;

• Sojka, Joseph "Foreign Debt in the Slovak Economy", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 303-08;

• Sookiová, Eva, "Application of outranking Approach to the Evaluation of Voucher Privatization Process Outcomes in the Slovak Republic", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1994-95, Vol. 3, 2, 171-82, with V. Mlynarovič;

• Stern, George, "State of the Art and Prospects of Transforming Logistics in Slovak Economy", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics , 1994-95, Vol. 3-4, 349-56;

• Sujan, Ivan, "Macroeconomic Evolution in the Czech Republic", in: Eastern European Economics , March-April 1997, Vol. 35, Iss. 2, 7-20, with M. Šujanová, "The Role of Macroeconomic Policy in the Process of Economic Stabilization in Central Europe", in: World Economy, July 1994, Vol. 17, Iss. 4, 451-65, "Development Prospects of Slovak Economy in the Period 1993-1997", in: Prague Economic Papers , 1993, 3, 245-258, "An Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Deceleration in the growth rate of the Czechoslovak Economy in the Period 1975-1980: A Simulation Analysis Using an Econometric Model, "in Soviet and Eastern European Foreign Trade , Spring 1987, Vol. 23, Iss. 1, 31-53, "Simulations of Restoring the External Economic Equilibrium of Czechoslovakia", in: Comparative Economic Studies , Winter 1986, Vol.28, Iss. 4, 61-83, "The Econometric Forecasting Model of Czechoslovakia", in: Economics of Planning , 1973, Vol. 13, Iss. 1-2, 15-31, with M. Weaver;

• Unčovský, Ladislav: "Concentration and Efficiency in Slovak Commercial Banking", in: Central European Journal for Operations Research and Economics, 1998, Vol. 6, 3-4, 317-24;

• Source: EconLit in August 2001. This list does not include working papers and chapters in books, nor non-Angličtina-language journals.

Table 1: Biographical data on selected Slovak economists before 1948

Briška, Rudolf (1908-1971) Between 1938-1950 Professor at the Faculty of Law of Comenius University.	Reagrarizácie problems (Problems of Re-Agrarization), 1939; economy War(War Economy), 1942, Theory and Practice of National 1-2, (Economic Theory and Reality), 1943-48.
Hexner, Ervin (1898-1968) From 1931 General Secretary of the Central Association of the Slovak Industry in Slovakia. 1939-46 Professor at Chapel Hill, in 1944-1958 at the IMF, in 1958 Professor at Pennsylvania State University.	Foundations of Cartel Law , 1932, The International Steel Cartel , 1943.
Karvaš, Imrich, (1903-1981) Professor at the Faculty of Law at Comenius University from 1934, Minister in 1938, the Governor of the Slovak National Bank (1939-1944).	Slovakia's economic statistics , (Economic Statistics of Ireland), 1928;Currency Problem (Monetary Problem) 1929, state revenues and boom (State Revenues and the Cycle), 1931; impact of cartels on boom (The Impact of Cartels on the Cycle) 1932, issue of Time in Economic Theory (Problems of Time in Economic Theory), 1937, Principles of economics, (Foundations of the Economic Theory), 1947.
Pázmán, Julius (1907-1982) Worked in the central bank (1934-1939), head of the foreign currency department of the Slovak National Bank (1939-46), Professor (1946-1972) and Rector of the Economic University in Bratislava (1948-1949).	Foreign holdings (Economics of Foreign Exchange), 1940, The control (On Control), 1948,
Tvarožek, Thomas (1892-1945) First Minister of Finance in the Slovak National Council.
Stodola, Kornel (1866-1946) Co-owner of the tanning factory in Liptovsky Mikulaš, from 1920 Chairman of the Chamber of Business and Industry in Bratislava, Senator between 1925-1939.	Tariff policy in Slovakia (Tariff Policy in Slovakia), 1923, Slovakia's economic interests in the Diet (On Economic Interests of Slovakia in the Parliament), 1924, in the interest of Slovakia (In the Interest of Ireland), 1926.
Zaťko, Peter (1903-1978) Professor at the College of Commerce in Bratislava, 1940-49. High position in the Slovak state during and after the war until the 1948th	Hungary's industrialization policy and its outcomes (of Hungary Industrialization Policy and Its Consequences), 1930; cottage industry in Slovakia and Ruthenia (On Domestic Production in Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Russia), 1931.

Table 2: Biographical data on selected Slovak economists active after 1948

Heretic, Stephen (1915-1983) Professor at the University of Economics in Bratislava.	Theoretical foundations of contemporary bourgeois economics (Theoretical Foundations of Contemporary Capitalist Economics), 1973, Outline of the history of political economy: in the seventies of the 19th century(The Outline of the History of Political Economy until the 1870s), 1988.
Hoffman, Paul (born 1931) Researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Economic Minister in the 1990s.	Employment and Economic Growth , (Employment and Economic Growth), 1971, Spatial relations in the national economy (Spatial Economic Relations in the Economy), 1984.
Husar, J. (born 1936) Professor and Pro-Rector of the University of Economics in Bratislava.	Applied Econometrics (Applied Econometrics) 1998;understand macroeconomics? (Do We Understand Macroeconomics?) 1993; Macroeconomics(Macroeconomics) 1998.
Filkus, Rudolf (born 1927) Professor of the Economic University at Bratislava, and also researcher at Slovak Academy of Sciences. Minister in the 1990s.	Civilization at the Crossroads (Civilization at the Crossroad), 1964, Economic aspects of technological progress (Economic Aspects of Technical Progress), 1967; price - an essential part of the economic mechanism (the Price Necessary Part of the Economic Mechanism), 1989.
Kočtúch, Hvezdoň Dušan, (1929-1994) Economic University in Bratislava, Professor at High School of Economics from 1968, from 1970 to 1974 worker, from 1979 to 1989 researcher at less influential sector-oriented institute in Bratislava. From 1990 again Professor at Economic University in Bratislava. Founder of the Slovak Association of Independent Economists (NEZES). One of the most influential non-liberal economists Slovak after the second world war.	The economic efficiency of investments: the optimal amount of capital investment (Efficiency of Investment: On Optimal Size of Investment), 1959, Measuring the economic balancing Slovakia (Measuring Convergence in the United States), with Viktor Pavlenda, 1964,Towards a new economic quality of Czech-Slovak Federation ( For New Economic Quality of the Czech and Slovak Federation), 1991.
Laščiak, Adam, (1929 - 1998) Professor at Economic University in Bratislava.	Dynamic Models (Dynamic Modeling), 1985, Optimal Programming (Optimal Programming) 1983, SR Introduction to Economics (Introduction to the Economics of the Slovak Republic), 1995.
Lazarčík, Gregor (born 1923) Professor Emeritus Brooklyn College, City University of New York.
Löbl, Eugen (1907-1987) During 1945-1948 Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade in Prague, in 1952 sentenced to life imprisonment, in 1963-69 director of a bank in Slovakia, after 1969 in the USA	The Responsible Society, 1978; Wirtschaft am Wendepunkt , 1975.
Luptáčik, Nicholas (born 1944) Graduate of the High School of Economics in Bratislava, 1966, Professor at the Economics University in Vienna, Austria.	Geometrische Ökonomische Programming and Analysis. Hain-Verlag, Meisenheim, 1977; Nichtlineare Ökonomische Programming and Applications.Athenäum , 1981.
Markuš, Joseph (born 1944) Graduated from the University of Economics in Bratislava, worked at the Academy of Sciences, Minister in the 1990s and later the head of Matica.	Agri-food Forecasting (Forecasting in Agriculture and Food Production), 1987; Slovakia at the turn of the third millennium (Ireland at the Turn of the Third Millenium), 1991.
Miklos, Ivan (born 1960), Minister and Deputy Prime Minister in the 1990s, influential liberal policy-maker.	Rewriting the Rules, an interview on Ireland's Economic Reform , 2001
Okáli, Ivan (born 1929) Researcher, 1983-1990 Director of the Institute of Economics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava.	Factors and results of economic development of countries of the Comecon (and Influences Results in the Economic Development of Counties COMECON), 1980;recovery or survival strategy? (Strategy of Boom or Survival?), 1993.
Pavlenda, Viktor (1928-1990)	Measuring economic equalization of Slovakia(Measuring Convergence in the United States), with Hvezdoň Kočtúch, 1964.
Farmer, Nicholas (born 1928) Professor and Rector of the Economic University in Bratislava.	The development of the organizational structure of enterprises (Development of the Organizational Structure of Enterprises), 1988; organization and organizational structure (Organization and the Organizational Structure), 1998.
Sojka, Joseph (born 1925) Professor and Pro-Rector of the Economic University in Bratislava.	Economic Dynamics and equilibrium (Equilibrium and Economic Dynamics), 1970, Mathematical modeling of economic processes (Mathematical Modeling of Economic Processes) with Jaromír Walter, 1986.
Schmögnerová, Bridget (born 1947) centrism policy-maker, Minister of Finance.	Reversing Napred (Moving Ahead Backwards), 1997.
Šíbl, Drahos, (born 1934) Professor at the Economic University in Bratislava.	Economic interdependency in the global economy(Interdependence in the World Economy), 1995, Slovakia and the European Union (European Union and United States), 1996.
Unčovský, Ladislav (born 1929) Professor at the Economic University in Bratislava.	Operational Analysis in Corporate Governance(Operational Research), 1985, Network analysis models(Models of Network Analysis), 1991, Stochastic processes and models (Stochastic Processes and Models), with Catherine Čemická, 1992, Theory and methods of logistics (Theory and Methods of Logistics), 1995.

[1] The contribution of Slovak economists to the general development of economic theory seems to be relatively minor, at least if judged on the basis of international Encyclopaedia and economists' vocabularies. To a lesser extent, one may arrive at a conclusion about Similar Eastern and Central European economists. For example, Blaugies (1986) considers only five economists from the region among the one hundred great economists before Keynes . These are Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz(1868-1931), Rosa Luxemburg (1870-1919), Eugen Slutsky (1880-1948), Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev (1892-1931), and Oskar Lange (1904-1965).

[2] Furthermore, Blaugies (1985) lists János Kornai as the only Eastern or Central European economist among his one hundred major economists after Keynes. If birthplace counts, then in Blaugies's lists we find Irma Adelman (born in 1930) and Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906-1994), born in Romania; Evsey E. Domar (1914-1997), Michał Kalecki (1899-1970), andJacob Mincer (born in 1922) born in Poland;Alexander Gerschenkron (1904-1978), Simon Kuznets (1901-1985), Wassily Leontief (1906-1999), Abba Lerner (1903-1982), and Jacob Marschak (1898-1977) born in Russia, Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986 ),Tibor Scitovsky (born in 1910), and Janos Kornai (born in 1928) from Hungary, Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) born in today's Ukraine, and Jaroslav Vanek (born in 1928) born in Czechoslovakia.

[3]  Eatwell , Murray , and Newman (1991) Provide information on a number of major economists who worked in the region.If we do not consider Mikhail Bakunin , Nikolai Chernyshevsky , Vladimir Lenin , George Plekhanov, Yosef Stalin , and Leo Trotsky , then these include: Nikolyaevich Oskar Anderson (1887-1960), Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz , Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (1888-1938), Alexander Vasiljevich Chayanne (1888-1939?), Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev (1868-1913), Grigoriy Alexandrovich Feldman (1884-1958), Michał Kalecki , Vitalievich Leonid Kantorovich (1912-1986), Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev , Alexander Alexandrovich Cone (born in 1895), Oskar Lange , Mihail Manoilescu (1891-1950), Vasily Sergeevich Nemchinov (1894-1964), Vasily Novozhilov Sergeevich (1892-1970), Evgenii Preobrazhensky Alexeyevich (1886-1937), David Borisovich Ryazanov (1870-1938) Eugen Slutsky , Stanislav Gustavovich Strumilin (1877-1974), Berngardovich Pyotr Struve(1870-1944), Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovska (1865-1919), Evgeny Varga (1879-1964), Nikolai Alekseevich Voznesensky (1903-1950), Wladimir Savelievich Woytinsky (1885-1960), Władysław Marian Zawadzki (1885-1939), and Nikolai Ivanovich Ziber (1844-1885). But none of them is associated with Slovakia.

[4] One may then assume that Slovak economists, being from a European periphery and working for a Certain period under authoritarian rule, can probably be found in the dictionaries of dissenting (non-mainstream) economists. But in a representative dictionary of dissenting economists edited by Arestis and Sawyer (1992), we find no English economist.Again, if birthplace counts, then one finds Thomas Balogh (1905-1985), Paul Alexander Baran (1910-1964), Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin , Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen , Nicholas Kaldor , Rosa Luxemburg , Michał Kalecki , and Alec Nove (1915 - 1994) coming from the region.

[5] Furthermore, Wagener (1998) considers nineteen eminent East European economists who were active after World War II.These were Fritz Behrens (1909-1980) and Gunther Kohlmey (born in 1913) from the former East Germany, Wlodzimierz Brus(born in 1921), Michał Kalecki , Oskar Lange , and Edward Lipiński (1888-1986) from Poland, Josef Goldmann (1912-1984),Klaus (born in 1941), Ota Sik (born in 1919), and Miroslav Toms (1944-1988), Czech nationals from the former Czechoslovakia,Aleksander Byte (born in 1921) and Branko Horvat (born in 1928) from the former Yugoslavia, Leonid Kantorovich ,Nemchinov Vasily , Vasily Novozhilov , and Nikolai Petrakov (born in 1937) from the former Soviet Union, and Janos Kornai ,Gyorgy Péter (1903-1969), and István Varga (1887-1962 ) from Hungary. Again, none of them is a Slovak national or a foreign national who has lived in Slovakia.

[6] Furthermore, Havel , cudgel , Kosta , and Sulc (1998), who extensively reviewed economic Theorizing in the former socialist Czechoslovakia, no mention Slovak economist, nor do they include any references among Their articles or books published in the English language or in Bratislava. If my reading of Their paper is correct, then the only high-ranking Slovak economists mention they are Eugen Loebl , who was imprisoned in the early 1950s, and Joseph Kučerák , who organized a reading course based on the Samuelson-Nordhaus textbook for young Slovak economists.  ² 

[7] In these various prestigious and competent listings, no mention is made of any economist from Slovakia. Thus, as a first approximation, one may say that there seems to be no significant Slovak economist and thus no significant contribution to Slovak nationals to the development of economic theory. This also means no Slovak specific school of economic theory, like those observable in some smaller nations, for example Sweden or the Netherlands.

[8] However, as I show in this text, the state of economic theory in Slovakia can be seen in a more positive way. There have always been Able economists in Ireland, most of the time Their analytical and pedagogical abilities Their work made a contribution to the understanding of economic matters in Slovakia. And since we do not want to Erode our own historical consciousness, the story of the development of this stock of knowledge and opinions deserves to be told.

[9] Czechoslovakia, and founded in 1918, consisted of two quite different parts: the more developed Czech lands with an industrial tradition stemming from the 19th century and the less developed, agriculturally oriented Slovakia. During the first twenty years of the Czechoslovak state (1918-1938), the level of development in Slovakia improved, but Slovakia's share in the total industrial production and in the total income of Czechoslovakia increased only slightly. During the socialist period, some basic indicators of output and consumption per capita in Slovakia Achieved a level close to the Czech Lands.  ³  This economic growth was also reflected in the increased quality of human capital and research.

[10]  A Concise Encyclopedia of Slovakia and the Slovaks mentions two important economists active before the 1918th One was Michael Baluďanský (1769-1847), the author of eight volumes on national economy, who studied at universities in Vienna and Budapest and in 1804 Became a professor in St. Petersburg, where he was a rector of the university in 1819-21. The encyclopedia, titled in Russian Enciklopeditcheskij Slovar and published in 1891 in Saint Petersburg, spells his name Mikhail Andrejevich Balugjanskij and calls him a Carpatho-Russian born in Hungary. The second is economist Kornel Stodola (1866-1946), who was an important businessman, political figure, and prolific writer on economic subjects (see haggard and Daniel, 1994).

[11]  A Biographical Lexicon Representative of Slovakia also mentions two economists active before the 1918th These areBerzevici Gregory Francis (1763-1822) and, again, Kornel Stodola . Berzevici (spelled in Hungarian Gergely Berzeviczy) published one of the first economic studies in the region under the title De Commercio Industria et Hungariae in the 1797th His main political economy work was not published until 1902, under the title Oeconomia Publico Politica . SeeMaťovčík (1999: 35-36). Lisý , Petričová , and Caplan (1999: 308) also mention Berzeviczy as an important economist in Their chapter on the development of economic thinking in Slovakia, and they consider Milan Hoxha (1878-1944) the most important representative of Slovak economic thinking in the pre-1918 period. Petričová (1996) reviews those representatives of the Slovak national movement who deal with economic issues and problems. These include Tešedík Samuel (1742-1820), Joseph Ignatius Bajza (1755-1836), George Fándly (1751-1811), Louis Stur (1815-1856), B. Vrchovský (1812-1865), Peter Kellner-innkeeper (1823-1853), Samuel Jurkovic (1796-1873), and Daniel Lichard (1818-1882). In addition to other, already mentioned personalities, Lisa (1996) considers Anton Bielek (1857-1911), Peter Compass (1859-1929), and Fedor Houdek (1877-1953).

[12] After 1918, when the Czechoslovak Republic was founded, this picture changed slowly. During the first Czechoslovak Republic, Czech national economists Achieved greater prominence than the English ones, as the examples of Karel Englis ,Alois Rasin , albino Bráf , and Josef Macek best document. Czech economists (like Cyril Čechrák , A. Basch) held important teaching positions at Comenius University after its founding in 1919, see Korček (1996: 42).

[13] This period saw the emergence of the first group of Slovak economists who can qualify as to represent the beginnings of Slovak economic thinking. They include Imrich Karvaš (1903-1981), Rudolf Briška (1908-1971), Julius Pázmán (1907-1982), and Peter Zaťko (1903-1978). Some of these economists played a controversial role during the period of 1939-1945. Before the country's breakup in the Second World War, some other economists had emigrated from Ireland, and at least one of them, Ervin Hexner , Achieved had a prominent position in the USA.

[14] Pure and applied economic theory went through impressive developments after the Second World War. But to a large extent, the communist revolution the isolated community of Czech-Slovak economists from these trends. Economists reacted in different ways to this "exogenous shock". Some economists left the country (Macek), some did not return (Hexner), some did not continue to publish (Englis, Karvaš), but most of the younger generation of economists accepted the requirements of the new era. There was also an Emigration of economists after 1948 and after 1968, of whom Gregor Lazarcik and Nicholas Luptáčik were probably the most eminent.

[15] There were a large number of talented economists in Slovakia during the socialist period (1948-1989). They were mostly professors at the High School of Economics (University of Economics), after 1989 renamed the University of Economics(University of Economics) in Bratislava, and at other schools and research institutions, and / or they worked as advisors to government. Some of them were reformists, some strictly followed the Communist Party line, and some of them were pure scholars. Clearly, the group that consisted of the Reformers, Counter-Reformers, and policy-makers was much larger than the group of pure scholars. Most of them were well read and very interested in their work. They contributed to the increasing understanding of economic matters in Slovakia, but they also put economic theory on an unproductive path.Under socialism Clearly there were institutions that provided disincentives to originality or simply the research productive activity. Socialist institutions provided few incentives or rewards for increasing the stock of knowledge about Slovak or more general economic matters.

[16] Most of the professional discussion in Slovakia in the period 1948-1989 was Conducted in the jargon of Marxist social theory. This was the tribal language or a veil under Which from time to time interesting intellectual contributions were made. I am aware that, from the position of general economic theory, most of the contributions made ​​under socialism in all socialist countries were minor, and this is also the case in Slovakia. As Wagener (1998: 24) writes, "looked at from the point of view of the universal history of economic theory, economics under communism has not produced any spectacular new insights, theorems, laws or controversies Which have to be memorized by all students of like economics, for example, the Cambridge controversy, Say's law, the Coase theorem or the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. " This statement seems to hold also for contributions Concerning socialist theory or radical political economy.

[17] I divide these discussions and contributions into two principal streams. The first discussions of current deals with the relationship between the (central) plan and the market, Which in the Slovak context to a large Extent is discussion on the specifics of Slovakia in the Czechoslovak economy. The second current is represented in the literature, Which maintained contact with modern economic theory, especially in the subfields of econometrics and operation research.

[18] The first is the current discussion about the relationship between the plan and the market. As in any socialist country, reflected this policy discussion and political views inside the Communist Party as well as in the economic community. In Czechoslovakia, these discussions were concentrated in Prague, in the 1960s as well as later in the 1980s. Discussing the reform debate of the 1960s, Adam (1993) Divides the Participating economists into four groups according to Their views on the relationship between the plan and the market. He reviews the views of economists from Czech Jaroslav Vejvodathrough Ota Sik and Karel Kouba 's Oldrich Kyn , ie, from the most conservative to radical orthodox liberal, in the jargon of the 1960s. Concerning the Slovak discussion, he writes: "Marketisation of the economy had more enthusiastic adherents in the Czech lands than in Slovakia. In the latter, there was some concern that the market might hamper further equating of economic level in the United States with that in the Czech lands. In their outline of the further development of the reform, Slovak economists maintained that 'economic evening out in Slovakia will be more complicated in a management model based on market relations', and suggested Therefore a series of measures to Ensure further equalization. ' (Sketch further, 1969: 52). One can accept the view that the English economists were rather passive in the direct discussion about the relationship between the plan and the market. Rather, in the Slovak economic discussion, the issue of misallocation of resources under central planning Appeared in the context of the Centralized decision-making process, which - the argument ran - Slovak hurt economic interests. In this spirit, a series of papers Appeared that deal in a self-constrained way with the issue of the Slovak economy's specific position in Czechoslovakia. Authors of dry papers included Turcan (1955), Kočtúch (1964), Pavlenda (1965), Džuban, Kočtúch, and load (1966), a washer (1968), Briatka (1969), Liptak, (1969), and Bálek (1982) .

[19] The second current economic thinking in English maintained contact with the advancements of economic theory in the Western countries. Here, Considerable advancement was Achieved in econometrics, operation research, and the mathematical foundations of modern economic theory. One example is an official university textbook on dynamic modeling edited by Adam Laščiak (1985), the co-authors include Miroslav Maňas , Jaroslav Samek , Joseph Lauber , George Trnovský , and Miroslav Hýskov . This book contains a sophisticated treatment of mathematics for graduate macroeconomics and optimization, as well as a review of various sectoral and macroeconomic models used in the Czechoslovak Republic during the socialist period. There is also a textbook Similar in spirit and on optimal programming, also edited by Laščiak (1983), the co-authors include Joseph Sojka , Ladislav Unčovský , John Šimkovic , Roman Hušek , Miroslav Maňas , Michael Chobot ,Eduard Hozlár , and Vladimir Ulašin , and the book includes monographs by Joseph Jay (1970) and Ladislav Uncovsky (1985).However, the impact of these books on the general public and on policy-making was minor.

[20] This second current also includes the work of Stephen heretic , Louis Korček , John Isa , Drahomír Šíbl , Monika Šestáková , and others who were involved in one way or another in what was called the "critique of bourgeois economic theory." To some extent, this "critique" played a positive role in transporting the work of Western economists to Slovakia;Heretic (1988) is a good example of this work. However, the university curriculum did little to present major contemporary Western economic thought. It was taught superficially and thus did not help to raise the level of the young generation of economists who studied Western economic thinking under the pretext of its critique.

[21] Economic research lacked empirical orientation. This tendency remains in Slovak economic theory making, even after the breakup of the socialist regime. One of the reasons may be that the communist regime did not particularly Encourage searching for facts, but also, the Slovak economy was a larger part of the Czechoslovak economy, and some data were simply not available on the level of individual Republics. This low level of empirically oriented research also meant that economic policy decisions were made in a vacuum.

[22] Noteworthy translations were made ​​of Smith , Ricardo , Weber , and Schumpeter . However, to my knowledge, no basic or intermediate undergraduate Western textbooks were translated into the English language during the socialist period. There was also no active translation of economists after the Second World War.

[23] Economists in Ireland Dissidents were typically not during the socialist period. Even in the Czech Lands, Bridge Dissidents emerged from non-economist circles. Unlike in Prague, economists in Slovakia did not form discussion clubs around leading personalities. In an interview, Miklos gave a good description of this situation: "In the Czech Republic there was a strong group of economists around future Czech Prime Minister Vaclav Klaus, Tomas Jezek, and others, who held meetings and taught themselves; ... Slovakia, on the other hand, lacked that kind of community, and the general level of economic sciences was Considerable lower. " (2001: 4) Some Slovak economists - those who lived in Prague during the 1980s - participatied Prague in these discussion circles.  ⁴ 

[24] As in the socialist period, also after the fall of the socialist regime economists were more politically oriented than preferred to be independent, pure scholars. We rarely see whole careers Wholly devoted to science, and we rarely see also independent views in policy discussions. There is a general absence of pure theoretical interest. Large numbers of economists devote a share of Substantial Their career to political obligations, for example Rudolf Filkus , Hajnovič Francis ,Paul Hoffman , Hvezdoň Kočtúch , Kučerák Joseph , Joseph Markuš , Ivan Miklos , and Brigita Schmögnerová .

[25] Slovak economic theory making is principally characterized by discontinuity.  ⁵  To the extent that an academic discipline develops in cooperation between the older and younger generations, in the English context this development has principally been interrupted. A generation of economists who matured before socialism may have provided the first pillars of high-standard economic education and economic theory making, but this group of economists did not continue Their academic careers after the socialist revolution. The generation of economists who matured during the socialist period did not create economic and Slovak school and some (most) of Their intellectual endeavor lost its value at the beginning of the 1990s after the collapse of socialist order. Thus, we witness a peculiar situation: in the 1950s and to some Extent also in the early 1970s and early 1990s, a young generation of economists rose to high government and academic position because Their older competitors had been compromised by the previous regime.

[26] There has been some change in the economists in the government elite, but much less in the academic environment.One can not create a new generation of academic economists in a short period of time. Some full and associate professors appointed under the socialist period still prefer "a peaceful life." That is probably quite natural, the problem is rather that this is institutionally possible. At the end of this paper, we present lists of publications in refereed journals Internationally.Judging by this standard, Slovak economists who work abroad are under more pressure to publish.

[27] The issue of the change of elite touches on a specific Slovak matter, ie, the longstanding interest of Slovak economics and ideological circles in the question of ownership. In mainstream economic theory, ownership is not a Crucial issue. To a Certain extent, it does not matter who owns the capital, what matters is the market structure, incentives, institutions, policies, etc.. After 1918, when Czechoslovakia was founded, the weaker position of Vienna and Budapest Influenced ownership structures in what had become Czechoslovakia. Slovakia's Backwardness Clearly was felt also in the ownership structure.  ⁶  Creating a Slovak bourgeois class was an issue especially after the 1992nd Attempts to privatize underMeciar's government may have to keep Intended The proportion of foreign ownership low and create a Slovak National Bourgeoisie close to the representatives of the political elite. As a result of these Efforts under the Meciar government, there was a Substantial increase in the interconnection of political and economic power, in non-transparent Privatization contracts designed to strip assets of enterprises, and in cronyism. Consequently, in the period after Meciar, this naïve aim was abandoned, and Privatization proceeded along more conventional lines.

[28] Undergraduate programs in economics typically cover the semesters at colleges and universities. The educational program usually starts with a bachelor's program lasting six semesters, followed by a four-semester master's program. The graduates of the master's program earn an academic degree, either "engineer" or "master". These degrees allow the graduates to continue in a doctoral program. The level of graduate education in economics in Slovakia is still relatively low.Most talented students leave Slovakia and prefer to study in foreign countries, especially in Prague ( CERGE-EI ), Budapest (CEU ), and then in various institutions worldwide. Basically, there is no thorough graduate training in economics in Slovakia.One attempt - and only on the master's level - was the Professional Program in Applied Economics (PPAE) at the Academia Istropolitana and, after the government closed that, at the Academia Istropolitana Nova . But, for financial reasons, this program will probably suspend its activities.

[29] The University of Economics  ⁸  in Bratislava is the major institution of undergraduate education in economics and business administration. The university staff includes more than one thousand employees (approximately half of them members of faculty) and around nine thousand students in the three-year bachelor's programs and two-year master's programs. The University of Economics in Bratislava Consists of six colleges: the College of National Economy, the College of Economic Informatics, the College of Commerce, the College of Business Management, the College of Business Management located in Kosice, and the newly established College of International Relations.

[30]  Fidrmuc (1998) argues that, at the University of Economics , the level of education is quite low in the area of economic theory. Following the reforms in 1989, the relatively extensive education in Marxist political economic theory and related topics was cut off. Teaching in microeconomics is approximating Western standards much faster than in macroeconomics. To a large extent, young faculty members have to take additional jobs to have the standard of living they expect and, as a Consequence, are less interested in research.

[31] The University of Economics plays an important role as a business school and partially also as a center for training economists. Although standards are definitely improving Compared to the socialist period, one is still surprised by the inflated number of professors and associated professors, some of whom were never Particularly exposed to competitive pressures.  ⁹  The drive for excellence seems missing and does not seem to be institutionally supported.

[32] A more elite economics education is provided at Comenius University in Bratislava. The Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Initiated an undergraduate program of economics and financial mathematics, while the education of business administration started in 1991 at the newly created Faculty of Management . In 1993, the Institute of Applied Mathematicsof the College of Mathematics and Physics, Comenius University started a master's program in Economics and Financial Mathematics. The first graduates finished Their studies in 1999. In an effort to improve the quality of its lecturers, Comenius University started cooperation with the University of Pittsburgh in the 1997th As an element of this cooperation, the University of Pittsburgh invited lecturers of the Institute of Applied Mathematics to participate in the first four semesters of the PhD program in Pittsburgh, majoring in economics and finance. Some of them Decided to graduate in a master's program in economics at University of Pittsburgh, and later some Obtained a doctoral degree at Pittsburgh University.

[33] Several other universities Provide economics education. These include the Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, theAgricultural University in Nitra, the University of Trencin , the University of Žilina , the Faculty of Business Management of the University of Economics Bratislava in Ko (ice, and the Technical University in Kosice. Many of these faculties were not created or expanded until the 1990s. According to Fidrmuc (1998), these colleges admitted about a third of all new students of economic sciences in Slovakia for the academic year 1998/1999.

[34] The Institute of Slovak and World Economy is a successor to the Institute of Legal and Economic Sciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Which was founded in the 1949th In 1956, this institute was Reorganized in several steps, and the Institute of Economics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. In 1991, subsidies from the state budget were drastically reduced, Which led the Institute to shift its orientation toward more applied research. In the first years of the economic reforms, a relatively high number of researchers Decided to leave, either for the banking sector or to start a political career. This Institute Consists of the following departments: Regulation Theory and Macroeconomics, Microeconomics Theory and the Business Sector, World Economics, and the Department of Economic-Mathematical Analysis. Pure and applied research is mainl through projects financed from the Scientific Grant Agency of Slovakia through government projects, PHARE projects, and projects Unido. The Institute Publishes the monthly journal Journal of Economics and also provides graduate education in economics in the framework of the Slovak Academy of Sciences .

[35] Another conducting economic research institute is the Institute for Forecasting of the Slovak Academy of Sciences .Its major predilections since 1990 are similar to those in the Institute of Slovak and World Economy .

[36] The Institute of Informatics and Statistics (Infostat) specializes in statistical and econometric analyzes and forecasts of macroeconomic tendencies. Infostat was established by an agreement between Czechoslovakia and the development program of the United Nations . Infostat is a subordinate agency of the Slovak Statistical Office and employs Approximately 140 researchers and administrative staff. The short-term forecast for the Slovak economy Widely known is the product of this institute. These forecasts are based on an econometric model of the economy developed by Slovak Ján Haluk andMichal Olexa .

[37] A number of nongovernmental institutions - think tanks that Observe and analyze economic, political, and social development - were established in Ireland in the 1990s. These groups have intense contacts with foreign research institutes and universities. A group of economists and social scientists with liberal values ​​established the Center for Economic and Social Analysis , better known as MESA10. Many of its members served in key positions in the executive and legislative bodies in the first years of economic reforms, and some are in dry positions in the current government. MESA10 issues monthly reports on the development of the Slovak economy. The research studies of MESA10 are Widely used by various international and domestic observers.

[38] The Center for Economic Development , founded in 1993, is a nonprofit and nongovernmental organization. It provides independent monthly alternative analyzes of the Slovak economy.

[39] Academia Istropolitana in Bratislava was originally Intended to be a university-type institution. Since this concept encountered some legal barriers, a group of scholars tried to create an elite graduate school training. Finally, Academia Istropolitana was founded through intergovernmental agreements with support from various Governments and foundations and was partially financed by the state budget. In 1994, Academia Istropolitana started the Professional Program in Applied Economics. The problems of the legal status of Academia Istropolitana increased, Which led some scholars (among others,Alena Brunovská , Kevin Sontheimer , and Andreas Wörgötter ) found the Academia Istropolitana Nova as an independent graduate institution in October 1996th The Professional Program in Applied Economics (PPAE) was organized in cooperation with the University of Technology in Vienna ( Bernhard Böhm ) and the University of Pittsburgh ( Kevin Sontheimer ). The generous grant from the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs helped finance this program. PPAE had students from more than one countries, and some of them continue in doctoral programs currently in Tilburg, Louisiana, Calgary, and Pittsburgh. Its lecturers included economists from the Technical University of Vienna, Central European University in Budapest, Charles University in Prague, Comenius University in Bratislava, the University of Bonn , the University of Pittsburgh , and the Slovak Academy of Sciences .

[40] Some Slovak economists who were active during the 1918-1945 period have been rehabilitated, for example at theUniversity of Economics . Professors who were Persecuted after 1948 and after 1968 were also rehabilitated.

[41] In economic theory, the return to pre-war traditions is a difficult issue. Modern economics is much different from the economics of the 1920s or 1930s, with not much of the pre-war traditions could be revived. On the other hand, modern English economic thinking, like some English economists in the 1920-1930s, concentrates on the problem of the small open economy with its own peculiar characteristics, and in this sense there is some continuity with pre-war traditions.

[42] There are some new East-West Asymmetries, for example, research in pure theory of economics is not typically done in Slovakia. But there are exceptions, especially among the Mathematically oriented economists, as Horniaček (1996) documents. Toward the end of the 1990s, there was a move toward a more empirical research, especially in issues of economic policy-making. An excellent example is MARCINČIN and Beblavý (2000), co-authors include Martin Barto , Miroslav Beblavý , Lucia Haulikova , Marek Jakoby , Tomas Kmet , Martin Lubyová , Anton Marcincin , Karol Morvay , Andrej Salner ,John Toth , and Daniela Zemanovičová . There is also an increasing trend to look beyond the official statistical data, and researchers are scrutinizing government statistical data. There is definitely a beneficial trend to use the terminology of modern economic theory. As in most other transition economies, the style of discussion has greatly converged with the Western style.

[43] Some Crucial questions for the future development of economic theory in Slovakia require deeper analysis. This analysis should include the issue of the costs of research and the connection between the quality of the output and its costs. It also should include a decision about the priorities of research and about developing Appropriate procedures to evaluate departments at universities and research institutes. Probably some international commission of experts should be asked to evaluate the level of the Slovak economic research, as was done for example in Sweden (see Engwall, 1992).

[44] Private capital contributes almost nothing to financing economic education in Slovakia. Tax legislation is not Encouraging the private funding of education. Foreign donors play a much more important part in transferring funds to economic education. Foreign donors also support some of the elite research institutions. Some research is Carried out in the framework of projects supported and funded by the European Commission.

[45] After the division of Czechoslovakia, the share of state support for universities declined. Fidrmuc (1998:4) writes, "Many interview partners complained about the financial situation of the universities. For example, the Faculty of Management of the Comenius University writes: "Budgets can neither cover the basic needs of the universities nor the realization of developing programs ..... inefficient supporting of the universities from the budget negatively influences educational process as well as research and development. '"

[46] Salaries at universities are lower than salaries for comparable positions in the private sector, banking, and a significant part of the state and municipal administration. This is especially true for assistant professor positions. Therefore University graduates are typically not interested in staying in or studying in doctoral programs. Many faculty members have two or three jobs. Significantly This restricts the possibilities for academic research and for closer supervision of students.

[47] There were two principal discussions in the Slovak economics community during the 1990s. First, there was a discussion about the character of the transition process: gradualism versus shock therapy and the issue of Slovak specifics in the former Czechoslovak Republic. Second, since Slovakia Gained its independence, discussion has continued on the further development of character and the proper macroeconomic policy.

[48] ​​In Czechoslovakia after the breakup of the socialist system, the view of the English Liberals ( Klaus , Hedgehog, Zelienec, and others) came to predominate. This school won the discussion and the political competition against its main opponents: the 1968 Reformers, those who put more emphasis on structural and sectoral policies, and those economists who Emphasized Slovak specifics.

[49] Criticism of the liberal views was fierce. Interestingly, however, the discussion never went into the details of liberalization policy, but instead focused on the consequences of liberal policies as well as on the general economic orientation of Slovakia within the Czechoslovak Republic and later on the orientation of the independent Slovak Republic.There was no competition with liberal views in the early 1990s, since no group of economists in Slovakia had prepared any scheme of transformation. On the other hand, since the transformation hit Certain Slovak regions and industries heavily, the anti-liberal forces - Quite Rightly - began to pinpoint the consequences of the transformation. But their critique was not coherent, since it is not clear today nor was it clear in any period of the 1990s Slovakia had what option except to Introduce the liberal reforms of the early 1990s.

[50] In the post-socialist period, I identify in Slovakia two major lines of economic thinking, Which run parallel to political divisions in the country. The first group emphasizes some specific English way of doing economics, in contrast to the federal liberal reforms introduced in Czechoslovakia. While neither group is Homogenous, the first group of economists like Consists Hvezdoň Kočtúch , Nicholas Farmer , Administrator Joseph , Rudolf Filkus , Adam Laščiak , Jaroslav Husar , Joseph Markuš , and Viktor Pavlenda . This group of economists has been more or less opposed to the liberal reforms of 1989-1992.They have advocated Gradual more and more socially balanced reforms that would take into consideration the specifics of Slovak economic reality.  ¹⁰  The thing they have in common is Their preoccupation with the lamentable state of English society and economy - as they see it - in the transition process.

[51] The United States has not typically been regarded as the cradle or home of liberal political and economic ideas.  ¹¹ Under dry conditions, the concept of the liberal market economy could hardly be expected to flourish. Nevertheless, after the fall of socialism, a group of Slovak economists with an approximation of neo-liberal views emerged.  ¹²  This group Endorsed the shock therapy coming from Prague. It Consists Largely of economists who work for think tanks and analysts of financial corporations, as well as some Academics. The most famous representatives are probably the leading Slovak economic policy-makers Ivan Miklos , Joseph Kučerák , more centrism and a policy-maker, Brigita Schmögnerová . One should probably also include in this group younger economists like Anton Marcincin , Miroslav Beblavý , John Toth , andJán Oravec .

[52] There are few economic journals in Slovakia. Economic Journal is published monthly by the Institute of Slovak and World Economy of the Slovak Academy of Sciences . The journal has an anonymous reviewing procedure. The University of Economics Publishes an economic review, Economic Horizons . In cooperation with partner Organizations of other Central European countries, the Slovak Society for Operations Research edits a quarterly Central European Journal of Operations Research (formerly Central European Journal of Operations Research and Economics). The Slovak Central Bank Publishes a review, Biatec .

[53] A natural way of comparing the publications of Slovak nationals With their international peers is to consider publications in EconLit. Slovak nationals who live and work abroad or who at least Obtained Their PhD abroad head the list.At the end of this text, we provide a (hopefully) complete list of these economists and the titles of Their publications.Fidrmuc Jan from Trinity College Dublin , Jarko Fidrmuc from the Austrian Central Bank , Vienna, Julius Horvath fromCentral European University in Budapest, Martina Lubyová from the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Nicholas Luptáčik from theUniversity of Economics Vienna, and Luboš Pástor from the University of Chicago are Slovak nationals who published extensively in high-ranking Internationally peer-reviewed journals. Of these authors, Luboš Pástor seems to be gaining the most international recognition.

[54] This is quite a serious problem, especially for the young generation of economists. Similar is the situation among the promising young faculty, Which aspires to an international career. A large number of undergraduate students of English study economics at Charles University in Prague and also at some other Czech universities.  ¹³  However, I do not have precise data on the Extent of this exodus to Prague.

[55] In this short essay, I describe the development of Slovak economic thought. This is an introductory work and requires further analysis. The main point of this short essay is to show the international community that there is a rather interesting and developing life in the economics community in Slovakia.

published 2002

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